Innovation is not just about who invents a technology but who can use it to deliver the best products or services to potential users. While the accumulation of knowledge and inventiveness are certainly necessary for innovation, commercialization in the marketplace is an equally consequential part of the innovation process. Specifically, many analyses devote too much attention to traditional measures of innovation such as research and development (R&D) intensity and patent output. By reviewing a range of indicators, one can develop a better understanding of where China is or is not making progress, specifically relative to the United States.įurthermore, many analyses of innovation focus on a collection of indicators that is too narrow. The indicators are grouped into three categories: innovation inputs, innovation outputs, and innovation outcomes. This report looks back on the previous decade and gauges the progress China made relative to the United States in a series of innovation indicators. This would represent a serious economic and geopolitical challenge to the United States and its allies, particularly because of China’s predatory trade and innovation policy practices. If China can surpass the United States in innovation-both catch-up and frontier-the global value chain (GVC) for the highest-value-added products stands to undergo a tremendous change. Many countries have tried and failed to make the transition from “imitator” to “innovator,” and China’s ability or inability to fully make that transition will largely define global geopolitical development in the decades to come. China’s capacity for the latter is one of the most important unknowns in the global economy. Another is new-to-the-world or frontier innovation. One kind is catch-up or copying innovation, wherein China has performed superbly. Innovation means different things to different people, in part because there are so many different kinds of innovation. This report updates an earlier ITIF report, applying more recent data to assess the progress China made during the previous decade with respect to the United States across a series of innovation indicators. The last decade was marked by dramatic evolution in China’s innovation capabilities and strategies, much of which was driven by the transition of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and state leadership from Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping and the introduction of China’s latest major innovation policy framework: Made in China 2025 (MIC). Mobile Cellular and Fixed Broadband Subscriptions 57 Top-Cited Science and Engineering Articles 36 2006–2010: Indigenous Innovation, Thousand Talents, and Strategic Emerging Industries 6Ī Common Misconception: China Cannot Innovate.
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